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| Dorothea of Medem @Wikipedia |
(1761-1821)
Duchess of Courland
1779-1795
Daughter of: Friedrich von Medem, Count of Courland nobility, General of Russian Empire 1779 & Imperial Count & Louise Charlotte von Manteuffel.
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| Peter von Biron Duke of Courland |
Wife of: Peter von Biron (1724-1800), mar 1779
Herzog von Kurland, 1769-1795 .
Son of: Ernest Johann von Biron, Duke of Courland & Semigallia, Regent of Russia & Benigna von Trotha.
Spouse & children.
" . . . At eighteen, the beautiful Dorothea was married off to the Duke of Courland. Although much older and quite crotchety, the duke encouraged his wife's intellectual interests. They visited cultural shrines in Italy, Immanuel Kant in Konigsberg, Frederick the Great in Potsdam, and Moses Mendelssohn in Berlin. But by 1795, when she was thirty-four, the duke had lost his little state of Courland to Russia, in the third division of Poland. He had become increasingly cranky, and Dorothea separated from him. After his death in 1800 she bought a landed estate near Berlin for the summers and a former royal palace on Unter der Linden in Berlin for the winters, where she opened her salon. . . . " (Jewish High Society in Old Regime Berlin: 105)
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| Dorothea von Medem |
Dorothea's physical appearance & personal qualities.
"When Grand Duke Peter met the eighteen-year-old Anna-Dorothea, her figure was well-proportioned to her five feet. She had the delicate skin and ivory complexion so prized in northern women, and perfect teeth, a rarity in that day of no dentists. A fine mouth, a strong chin, soft green eyes, and an aquiline nose---slightly too long, like that of all the Medems---were framed by an oval face, set off by an abundant mass of heavy auburn hair. Craftily, Benigna encouraged Anna's participation in the plays and operas produced by the 'Ducal theater of Courland'---and nature took over. Peter needed little encouragement. He fell in love with the wisp of a girl and hoped she would provide him with legitimate heirs. He already had three acknowledged illegitimate ones. Anna-Dorothea played the lead the night of the gala celebrating the dowager duchess's birthday, and the grand duke proposed later that same evening, when he manged to get his divine Anna off to himself in the orangerie. Anna-Dorothea's feelings for the grand duke are not known. But brought up as she was to expect the typical marriage of convenience, she must have been well satisfied. After all, the grand duke offered her a crown, and he did not hold her hand over the coals of his pipe to test her obedience to him, as her grandfather had done to her grandmother before agreeing to be engaged. The stocky grand duke had inherited a modified version of his famous father's rough hewn good looks and cut an impressive figure that belied his fifty-five years. He loved to dance.Tsarina Anna had hired the famous Lande to come from Paris to teach the three Biron children---and her court---the minuet." (By Influence and Desire: 3)
"Dorothee was a young lady with striking black hair and flashing eyes---they were so dark that they seemed black, burning, as one admirer put it, 'with an infernal fire which turned night into day.' Her skin was pale, offset by dabs of rouge, and she had a very thin waistline. By the time of the peace congress, Dorothee was painfully unhappy and very much alone." (Vienna: 1814: 40)
Dorothea's personal & family background.
"Von Courland was a member of a prominent noble family from the Baltic provinces. She and her younger half-sister received a thorough education at home from Dorothea's stepmother, who took learning seriously and enjoyed entertaining intellectual guests and even hired a tutor for the two girls. . . . " (Jewish High Society in Old Regime Berlin: 105)
"Not a great deal is known about the earliest years of the 'divine Anna'---as Peter called her. Her Medem family, which was one of the richest and most cosmopolitan of Courland, boasted of its' 'seven hundred' years of unblemished blue blood and was descended, like most of the Cour nobility, from the Order of Teutonic Knights. (The Order was actually founded six hundred years earlier, but Anna-Dorothea's daughter in her memoirs picked up an extra century somewhere.)" (By Influence & Desire: 1)
Dorothea von Medem's lovers were:
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| Aleksander Batowski |
"Duke Peter's marriage to his much younger wife, Anna Dorothea, had been a dynastic union. Dorothee (who was ten years younger than Jeanne, the sister nearest to her in age) was almost certainly the daughter of her mother's lover Count Alexander Batowski. Not long after Duke Peter died, the duchess ended her affair with Batowski and began a liaison with the Baron Gustaf Armfelt. . . ." (The Princesses of Courland @History Hoydens)
Aleksander physical appearance & personal qualities.
"How the grand duchess wooed Batowski to her cause is not hard to surmise. Part of her art of being a woman was knowing when to act like one, and obviously a different approach was called for with the slender, attractive Pole. Almost Anna-Dorothea's age, he had glowing charcoal eyes, bushy black brows that accentuated his unusual pallor, and wore his jet-black hair shoulder length and unpowdered in a visual protest against the old customs and ways of thinking." (By Influence and Desire: 30)
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| Talleyrand @Wikipedia |
"In Paris the grand duchess, whose romantic escapades had long titillated Central European court circles, became the mistress of Talleyrand, Napoleon’s foreign minister, whom she aided in an undercover campaign to unseat Napoleon. Love affairs entangling the duchess and her daughters seemed to be the way of the Courland women. For, like their mother, the Courland daughters were liberated, bright, beautiful, and adept at handling men." (Rowman)
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| Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt @Wikipedia |
Armfelt's physical appearance & personal qualities.
"Four year's Anna-Dorothea's senior, Gustav d'Armfelt was as big a man as Peter; but his poor proportions---his burly, broad-shouldered body was too big for his short legs---hardly comprised the heroic specifications for dreams. He was handsome, no doubt, when he was younger, but dissipation was already taking its toll of his rugged good looks. Yet Anna-Dorothea found the attentions of the famous philanderer flattering, and in no time, he was her favorite escort. D'Armfelt was excellent company, and his conversation, larded with what he knew and had seen firsthand and spiced with names of international repute, opened a welcome window onto Western Europe for Anna." (By Influence & Desire: 42)
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| Courtly Couple Strolling in a Spring Landscape by Edoaurd Toudouze |
Lover's routine.
"They were seen everywhere together, and gossip flew around the tiny town like a flock of starlings. Early each day, the ex-cavalry officer arrived on horseback at her inn, Zum Pomeranzenbaum (The Orange Trees), leading a second mare for the grand duchess for their morning canter. In the afternoon, they strolled along the banks of the Kopl and through the narrow main street---it was considered more healthy, and chic, to walk than to ride---to the fountain in the tree-lined principal square, where they drank the prescribed bumpers of the Sturdel's steaming, health-giving waters. Occasionally, d'Armfelt drove her himself in his smart little barouche---its top folded back and the grand duchess shading her. . . ." (By Influence & Desire: 42)
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| Peter Ludwig von der Pahlen @Wikipedia |
4) Peter Ludwig von der Pahlen (1745-1826)
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Courland & Semigallia, 1740
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Duke Peter's property acquisitions.
"When the ducal pair finally returned to Berlin, and Peter insisted on buying Friedrichsfeld, rather than renting it again, his complete loss of interest in Courland was manifest. But Anna's suspicions were not aroused because Peter was always buying real estate, and in short order he purchased the domains of Wartenburg in Silesia, Holstein in Kreis Sprottau, and the duchy of Sagan from the heirs of the duke of Lobkowitz." (By Influence and Desire: 15)
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| Courland Palace, Berlin |
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| Lobichau Palace (Museum Burg Posterstein) |
"The four Courland princesses, Wilhelmine, Pauline, Jeanne, and Dorothee, grew up almost in their own court, with lavish house parties, a resident troupe of actors, a private orchestra. . . ." (The Princesses of Courland @History Hoydens)
" . . . The Courlands represented the aristocracy of the Baltic (now Latvian) provinces 'whose ethnically German landowners still owned large peaks and staged English-style hunts and who lived on their estates all the year round, and operated according to feudal law.' When the Duke was forced to sell the Courland estates to the Russian court, he purchased the Duchy of Sagan, near Prague, a terrain that had belonged at various times either to Saxony, Habsburg Bohemia, or Prussian Silesia. In 1800, with the Duke's death, the land became the eldest daughter's responsibility, thanks to the still labile inheritance laws in this part of Europe. . . ." (Women at the Congress of Vienna @Eurozine)
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| Wilhelmine von Sagan c1800 |
1. Wilhelmine von Kurland (1781-1839)
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| Pauline von Sagan, 1802 |
3. Johanna Katharina von Kurland (1783-1876)
" . . . The Duchess of Courland was not in Vienna either until very late in the day; like Germaine, she enjoyed a Napoleon-free Paris until forced to flee on Bonaparte's return in March 1815 during the Hundred Days. Her current lover, Talleyrand, indubitably was in Vienna, though, as well all her four daughters. Her eldest, Wilhelmine Duchess of Sagan, provided one of the most active centers of Congress political and social sociability, particularly among the Austrians. Sagan actually lived in the same building with her bitter rival the Russian Princess Catherine Bagration, a rivalry springing in part from personal considerations, as both had been lovers of Metternich, but significantly here also for political reasons, in that Bagration provided a hub for Russian sociability and supported the Russian cause at the Congress. Bagration had been a racy light of the salon scene in Dresden at the time when Metternich was ambassador to the Saxon court (from which period stemmed their liaison, and their illegitimate daughter, Clementine, somewhat brazenly named for Clemens himself). The Duchess of Courland's youngest daughter, Dorothea de Talleyrand-Perigord, put her experience as salonniere to effective use as hostess for her infamous in-law and the French delegation. The two middle daughters, though not noted as hostesses, featured as guests at the entertainments of their sisters and others, before and during the Congress." (The Congress of Vienna: Power and Politics After Napoleon: 118)
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| Anna Charlotte Dorothea von Medem with daughters Wilhelmine and Pauline @ Rundale Palace |
(1793-1862) Duchessa di Dino 1817 Duchesse de Talleyrand 1838 Herzogin von Sagan 1845 Daughter of: Peter von Biron, Duke of Courland & Dorothea von Medem, Duchess of Courland.  Her lovers were: Lover in 1815 " . . . In 1814, Dorothee's mother once again found herself losing a lover to a daughter. Duchess Anna Dorothea was Talleyrand's mistress before the Congress of Vienna. . . But it was Dorothee Talleyrand (who) took him to Vienna as his hostess. In Vienna, he began to see her as more than his nephew's wife. . . ." (The Princesses of Courland @History Hoydens) " . . . And while it is true that he became the greatest statesman of his time, exercising the diplomatic skills of stubborn insistence with a political philosophy that was based on the principle of law, he lived most of his emotional life as a libertine, probably fathering three children. Women who met him fell under his spell, not only his intellectual brilliance but also his sexual magnetism. On Bernard's account these passionate relationships did not last but he maintained friendship with his mistresses throughout his life. He did not eventually marry but only for political expediency at the insistence of Napoleon. He always felt the marriage was against his will. It was therefore not surprising that the marriage came apart when Napoleon fell from power. Talleyrand then formed a relationship that continued throughout the last 20 years of his life, with his niece by marriage, the Duchess de Dino, who was 40 years younger than him. The story of their relationship is complex and has interesting incestuous echoes to Rousseau's relationship with Mme de Warens." (The Shadow of the Second Mother: 48) "Before Talleyrand formed this relationship with his niece, the Duchess de Dino, he had arranged her marriage to his nephew, Edmond. Talleyrand was by this time middle aged and it has become clear to him that he would never have any legitimate children to inherit his money, his land and his titles. He decided to make his nephew Edmond his heir, but Edmond was not married and did not look as though he would be able to find a suitable wife. So Talleyrand looked around and chose the young and beautiful Duchess de Dino to be Edmund's bride. The Duchess de Dino had an equally beautiful and widowed mother, the Duchess de Courland. During the marriage arrangements Talleyrand fell passionately in love with the Duchess de Courland and they had a relationship that was much valued by both of them. Unsurprisingly the marriage that Talleyrand had arranged between his nephew Edmond and the Duchess de Dino was an unhappy one and they soon separated. At this point Talleyrand left the Duchess de Courland and formed a relationship with her daughter, the Duchess de Dino." (The Shadow of the Second Mother: 48) "The nature of their relationship has been much speculated upon. What is known is that they lived in the same house in Paris and the Duchess de Dino gave birth to a daughter, Pauline. There is no definite evidence that this child was Talleyrand's daughter, though the whole of Paris believed she was. Certainly Talleyrand adored the child, and treated her with the love and consideration that he had not given to his other two illegitimate children and he left her property and wealth when he died. Even if we can never know whether Talleyrand had a sexual relationship with his niece the Duchess de Dino or whether he was the father of Pauline, Talleyrand and the Duchess de Dino seem to have had a relationship that broke many boundaries. She was the wife of his nephew and her mother had been his mistress; furthermore when he was till married he took the Duchess de Dino rather than his wife to Vienna when he was negotiating the important Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)." (The Shadow of the Second Mother: 48)  2) Karel Clam-Martinic (1792-1840) Czech aristocrat, diplomat & field marshal [Bio2] In 1814, Charles John still as free at the Congress of Vienna intimately close with married Countess Dorothea de Talleyrand-Perigord. Dorothea was then decided to break free from his unhappy marriage with Edmond de Talleyrand-Périgord and marry Count Clam-Martinic. According to some theories by Jan Karel Clam-Martinic could be the father of Czech writer Bozena Nemcova. Available sources indicate that the relationship Dorothea and Clam-Martinic actually born illegitimate daughter. It happened in the French spa of Bourbon-l'Archambault that Dorothea visited with his uncle, a statesman Talleyrand in September, 1816, after breaking two lovers (in March 1816). Dorothea did not recognize the illegitimate child officially for her own and left them in the register of the town entered under the name Marie-Henriette Dessalles. According to alternative ideas about the origin of Bozena Nemcova was this girl later put Dorotheinou sister, Duchess Catherine Vilemína Zaháňská into custody husbands Panklovým, her servants to Ratibořický estate." (Wikipedia)Lover in 1815 4) Y. Dessales. Johanna Katharina von Kurland Duchessa di Acerenza. (1783-1876) Wife of: Francesco Pignatelli di Belmondi, Duca di Acerenza. Her lovers were: 1) Arnoldi. 2) Monsieur Borel. Italian musician. " . . . When Jeanne was sixteen she fell in love with Arnoldi, a violinist from the orchestra who had been hired to teach the music to the Courland sisters. Jeanne became pregnant, and she and Arnoldi ran off together. A Prussian officer discovered her and packed her home. Duke Peter disinherited her in a fit of temper shortly before he died. She had to give the baby up for adoption. Meanwhile, Count Wratislaw, Chief of the Bohemian Police, who became the girls' guardian on their father's death, lured Arnoldi back to Bohemia, probably with a forged letter from Jeanne, and had him imprisoned and executed. Jeanne was married off to the Neapolitan Duke of Acerenza. By the time of the Congress of Vienna in 1814, both she and her sister Pauline (married to Friedrich Hermann Otto, Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen) were separated from their husbands and sharing a house in Vienna. Jeanne a long time liaison with a Monsieur Borel, and the two of them were apparently like an old married couple." (The Princesses of Courland @History Hoydens) "Impatient to find out what life was about, Joanna indulged in a secret romance with the young singer-actor who directed the grand duke's resident troupe and gave the trio of princesses their music lessons on the side. When the innocent girl fond herself pregnant, the couple fled Nachod. All they took with them was Joanna's trinket box of jewelry which they planned to sell for passage to America, where they expected to go after they got married. Peter alerted the Bohemian authorities and sent his own household officials and staff scouring the countryside for a trace of the runaways. The governor of Erfurt, a Biron family standby, located Joanna where her lover had left her with friends en route, while he continued to Hamburg to arrange for their trip overseas. Advising her father she was safe---'Joanna reminded me of a poor dove caught in a net, she was so frightened'---that dignitary sent her home with a suitable chaperon and a Prussian officer as escort." [Gen1] Her lovers were: 1) Louis-Victor-Meredec de Rohan, Duc de Montbazon (1766-1846) Prince de Rohan-Guemene Duc de Montbazon et de Bouillon Prince de Guemene. " . . . Lord Castlereagh's half-brother Sir Charles Stewart, who had been raised to the peerage as Lord Stewart the year before, had taken up his appointment as British Ambassador in Vienna and was indiscreet enough to have become the lover of Wilhelmine, daughter of the Duke of Courland, who had once been one of Metternich's many mistresses. Her sister, Dorothea, Countess of Perigord, publicly announced her devotion to the Duke; while two of Wilhelmine's other sisters, Pauline and Jeanne, were known to be having affairs with Congress officials, one of them the Secretary-General...." (Hibbert, p. 166) 2) Vladimir Lowenstern. "While Alexander had been busy negotiating, his army had been experiencing life in and around the French capital. Vladimir Lowenstern set himself up with an expensive Parisian mistress and a fine carriage, paid for partly by 10,000 rubles won at cards. . . . " (Lieven, 2009, n.d.) Pauline of Courland Gallery.
References:
Wife of: 1. Prince Louis de Rohan-Guémenée (1768–1836) ar m????, di 1805 2. Prince Vasily Troubetzkoy (1776–1841) mar 1805-1806 3. Prince Karl Rudolf von der Schulenburg (1788–1856) mar 1819-1828. Wilhelmine's lifestyle of the rich and famous. " . . . Wilhelmine preferred residence in the Duchy was Ratiborschitz, which she had transformed into an Empire-style castle with an English garden. Her more familiar domains however were the courtly circles of the Prussian capital Berlin where she had no affection, and Vienna where she kept apartments. . . ." (Women at the Congress of Vienna @ Eurozine) Physical appearance & personal qualities. " . . . She had, according to Countess Rozalia Rzewuska, who knew her well, 'noble and regular features, a superb figure, and the bearing of a goddess'; but if she was a goddess, she was a fallen one. 'She sins seven times a day and loves as often as others dine,' Metternich would later write, with some justification. . . ." (Zamoyski, 2012, p. 79) "The Duchess of Sagan was a slim and petite thirty-three-year-old with dark-blonde hair and deep brown eyes---a ravishing and restless beauty who also happened to be heiress to one of the largest fortunes in Europe. She owned castles all over eastern and central Europe, including Sagan, built by the mercenary of the Thirty Years War, Count Wallenstein, and located a hundred miles south of Berlin." (King, 2009, p. 30) Her lovers were: Lover in 1813-1814 "When Metternich found out that Czar Alexander had paid a visit to Wilhelmine at night, he was livid and would have challenged the Russian to a duel were he not emperor. The hot-blooded Alexander, who also suffered from heartache---his target of affection, Princess Bagration, coincidentally Wilhelmine's archenemy, had declared that she adored but did not love him---threatened Austria with war . . . ." (Lust: A Hidden Influence on Foreign Policy @National Interest.)  2) Alfred I von Windischgratz (1810-1815) " . . . In the midst of tough negotiations during the congress in Vienna, a former lover of Wilhelmine, the Austrian soldier, Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Graetz, returned to Vienna. They resumed their affair, and Wilhelmine dropped Metternich, an even which 'seems to concern him more than the affairs of the world,' according to his personal secretary, Friedrich von Gentz." (Lust: A Hidden Influence on Foreign Policy) Stewart%2C_Later_3rd_Marquess_of_Londonderry%2C_1812%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_National_Portrait_Gallery%2C_London.jpg) "By the end of the Congress, Sagan and Bagration would fight over another lover, Sir Charles Stewart, brother and companion of Lord Castlereagh, leader of the British delegates. Bagration had been simultaneously having affairs with Stewart and the Crown Prince of Wurtemberg (sic), a game she thought most amusing. Bagration became so desperately in love with Wurtemberg that she neglected Stewart, losing him to rival Sagan. Ironically, Stewart was the bad boy of the Congress, constantly getting drunk, and even causing carriage accidents. He was almost as handsome as his brother and just as charming. Sagan enjoyed a long and frivolous affair with Stewart and must have delighted in spiting her rival." (La Plant, p. 7) " . . . Wilhelmine, after a brief affair with Caroline Lamb's brother Frederick, had become involved with Lord Stewart, the hot-tempered half-brother of British foreign secretary Lord Castlereagh, while Alfred von Windischgratz . . . was still pursuing her. . . ." (The Princesses of Courland @History Hoydens) " . . . To make matters worse, that old intriguer from the Peninsula, Lord Castlereagh's half-brother Sir Charles Stewart, who had been raised to the peerage as Lord Stewart the year before, had taken up his appointment as British Ambassador in Vienna and was indiscreet enough to have become the lover of Wilhelmine, daughter of the Duke of Courland, who had once been one of Metternich's many mistresses. . . ." (Wellington: A Personal History: 166)  4) Frederick Lamb, 3rd Viscount Melbourne. (1782-1853) Lover in 1814.  "As a young girl she was seduced by her mother's lover, the Swedish adventurer Gustav von Armfeldt, and became pregnant. A hasty marriage was arranged to the Prince de Rohan, who tolerated her continued depravities as she tolerated his. . . ." (Rites of Peace: The Fall of Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna: 79) " . . . Unfortunately the interest he took in Wilhelmine, then eighteen, was less than fatherly. They began an affair. One night the duchess noticed someone had taken a candle and went to see who was abroad at such an hour only to find her daughter in the arms of her lover. She slapped Wilhelmine. Her sapphire ring drew blood. By that time Wilhelmine was pregnant. Armfelt, being an aristocrat, was not executed like Arnoldi, but Wilhelmine, like Jeanne, was compelled to give up her child, a loss that haunted her through the years and that drove many of her actions at the time of the Congress of Vienna . . . She has hastily married off to a well-born but very penniless Louis de Rohan, but her affair with Armfelt continued, with the three of them traveling together and living off Wilhelmine's extensive dowry. Eventually Wilhelmine shed both men, first breaking off with Armfelt, then divorcing de Rohan. She latter married the Russian prince Troubetskoi, but by 1814 she had divorced him as well. . . ." (The Princesses of Courland @History Hoydens) "Metternich must have met Wilhelmine von Sagan at this time. She also came from the Baltic lands, Courland, an eastern duchy of Poland that was annexed by Russia in 1795. At the age of twenty she had been engaged to marry the Hohenzollern Prince Louis Ferdinand, nephew of Frederick the Great; but the wedding was cancelled at the last moment by King Frederick William when he got wind that she was already pregnant by her mother's lover, the Baron Gustav von Armfeld. This led to a rapidly arranged marriage with Prince Louis de Rohan, years older than her, but a man from a family that claimed an older and nobler ancestry than that of the Bourbon crown of France. Rohan, at the end of a great life, made few demands on his wife and his wife, at the beginning of no small story herself, fully reciprocated. But Sagan never forgot that her first proposal had come from genuine royalty; when Louis Ferdinand was killed at Saalfeld in 1806 she went into mourning." (1815: The Roads to Waterloo)  Lover in 1801 "The relationship between Metternich and the Duchess of Sagan had first started to heat up in the summer of 1813 when he was working on arranging a peace with Napoleon. The peace at that time failed, but the romance thrived. Metternich saw the duchess as much as he could, and in the midst of the crisis, wrote his first long love letter to her. . . ." (King: 31) " . . . (I)f one studies the documents of Metternich prior to or during the Congress, his principal concern seems to have been the love of a woman, Wilhelmine, Duchess of Sagan, a German noble. Their affair---Metternich was married at the time---lasted from spring of 1813 to the fall of 1814 and resulted in around six hundred letters exchanged between the two. . . ." "The heightened sense of drama with which he was living necessitated, as on other occasions, a recipient of confidences. Her found her, close at hand, in Wilhelmine of Sagan whom he had known since his days at the Saxon court. Wilhelmine possessed an impressive town palace in Prague and, more conveniently still, a small chateau at Ratiborzitz, on the slopes of the Sudeten mountains only a few miles north of Gitshin. That summer Wilhelmine became his principal mistress, and her personality continued to captivate him long after the armies had moved away from 'the Duchess of Sagan's paradise' in Bohemia: he maintained a regular correspondence with her throughout the second half of 1813 and for most of the following year, writing late into the night after days of tension and dispute. It is difficult to understand why, once absent from her, he remained bewitched. . . From his conversations with Gentz it is clear that Metternich had few illusions over Wilhelmine. Yet, though maddened time and again by the flicker of her fancy, he returned constantly to her flame. None of his other mistresses ever achieved such mastery of his will. . . ." (Metternich: Councillor of Europe) "Yet, surprisingly, if one studies the documents of Metternich prior to and during the Congress, his principal concern seems to have been the love of a woman, Wilhelmine, Duchess of Sagan, a German noble. their affair---Metternich was married at the time---lasted from spring of 1813 to the fall of 1814 and resulted in around six hundred letters exchanged between the two. . . ." (Lust: A Hidden Influence on Foreign Policy @National Interest) 8) Konstantin of Russia. Wilhelmine von Kurland Gallery.
References: By Influence and Desire @ Google Books. References: Correspondence of Princess Lieven and Earl Grey,Volume 2 @ Google Books Dorothea Benckendorff, Princess Lieven (1784-1857) @ A Web of English History Dorothea Lieven, a Diplomat in Skirts @ Shannon Selin, Imagining the Bounds of History |
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